The Diocese of Cabanatuan was created on the 16th day of February 1963 out of the territories taken from the Archdiocese of Pampanga and the Archdiocese of Lingayen Dagupan. It was canonically erected on the 4th of June 1963. By that time, it comprises the entire province of Nueva Ecija and the chartered cities of Cabanatuan, San Jose and Palayan. It has a total area of approximately 5,062.20 square kilometers and more than one million two hundred thousand in population.
On July 14, 1984 the Diocese of San Jose was canonically erected, paving the way for the partition of the Diocese of Cabanatuan. The diocese retains 18 cities and municipalities of the province, 29 parishes with a Catholic population of 990,962 (80% of total population) in an approximate area of 3,311.669 square kilometers.